John William O'Bryan..Page 7

Page 7

Generation No. 35

23709424400. The Stammerer Of France, Louis II King Of France 4744,4745, born November 01, 846 in FRANCE4745; died April 10, 879 in COMPIEGNE, FRANCE4745. He was the son of 5927363094. King Of France & Emperor Charles II King Of France and 5927369419. Of Orléans, Queen Of Fran Hermentrude Queen Of France. He married 23709424401. Adelaide Queen Of France Abt. 8684746.

23709424401. Adelaide Queen Of France4746,4747, born 850 in PARIS, FRANCE4747; died Abt. November 9014748. She was the daughter of 47418848802. Beggen (Bego) Count Of Paris and 47418848803. Alpaide.

Notes for The Stammerer Of France, Louis II King Of France:

[Brøderbund WFT Vol. 14, Ed. 1, Tree #1829, Date of Import: Jan 8, 1999]

Emperor 878-879

More About The Stammerer Of France, Louis II King Of France:

OCCU: King Franks 877-8794748

Record Change: July 12, 20014749

TITL: "The Stammerer"4750

Notes for Adelaide Queen Of France:

[Brøderbund WFT Vol. 14, Ed. 1, Tree #1829, Date of Import: Jan 8, 1999]

d/o Bego, Ct. of Paris

More About Adelaide Queen Of France:

Record Change: July 12, 20014751

TITL: of Paris4752

More About Louis and Adelaide:

Marriage: Abt. 8684752

Record Change: July 12, 20014753

Children of Louis and Adelaide are:

^{11854712200 i. The Simple Of France, Kin Charles III, born September 17,

879 in France; died October 07, 929 in Peronne, Somme, France; married

Eadgifu Queen Of France 919 in England.

ii. Ermengarde De France}

5927363008. King Of England Edward The Elder, born 871 in Wessex, England4753; died July 17, 924 in Farndon-On-Dee, England4753. He was the son of 11854716258. King Of England Alfred The Great and 11854716259. Of The Gaini Ealhswith Mucill. He married 23709424403. Ecgwyn Aeflaeda Abt. 8904753.

23709424403. Ecgwyn Aeflaeda4754,4755,4756, born Abt. 8714756; died 9014756. She was the daughter of 47418848806. Ealdorman Of Wiltshire Ealdorman Of Wiltshire Aethelhelm and 47418848807. Elswitha.

More About King Of England Edward The Elder:

Burial: Winchester Cathedral, London, England4756

Degree of Ancestor Intere: MEDIUM4756

OCCU: King Eng. 899-9244757

Record Change: July 12, 20014758

TITL: the elder4759

More About Ecgwyn Aeflaeda:

Burial: Winchester Cathedral, London, England4760

Degree of Ancestor Intere: MEDIUM4760

Record Change: October 09, 20014760

More About Edward Elder and Ecgwyn Aeflaeda:

Marriage: Abt. 8904760

Record Change: October 09, 20014760

Child of Edward Elder and Ecgwyn Aeflaeda is:

11854712201 i. Eadgifu Queen Of France, born 904 in WESSEX, ENG; died 951; married The Simple Of France, Kin Charles III 919 in England.

23709424420. Matfride Von Metz III, died Abt. 926. He was the son of 47418848840. N.N. Von Eifelgau.

More About Matfride Von Metz III:

Occupation: Count Of Metz

Children of Matfride Von Metz III are:

i. Hildegarde Von Metz, married Hugues D'Alsace I; born 880 in Alsace, Lorraine, France; died 940.

More About Hugues D'Alsace I:

Occupation: Count of Lower Alsace

11854712210 ii. Gerhard Von Metz, born Abt. 885 in Moselle, France; died 910; married Uda Of Saxony.

23709424422. Otto Of Erlauchten, born Abt. 863 in Saxony.

Child of Otto Of Erlauchten is:

11854712211 i. Uda Of Saxony, born Abt. 888 in Saxony; married Gerhard Von Metz.

23709424448. Erenfried I Of Betuwe, died Aft. 904. He married 23709424449. Adelgunde De Bourgogne.

23709424449. Adelgunde De Bourgogne

More About Erenfried I Of Betuwe:

Occupation: Count in Bliesgau and Charmois

Child of Erenfried Betuwe and Adelgunde De Bourgogne is:

11854712224 i. Eberhard I Of Betuwe, died Aft. 937.

23709426632. Rhodri MawrAp Merfyn, born 789 in Gwynedd,Caer Seiont,Carnavonshire,Wales; died 878 in Battle with English,Anglessy,Wales. He was the son of 47418853264. Merfyn Ap Gwriad and 47418853265. Esyllt Verch Cynan. He married 23709426633. Angharad Verch Meurig.

23709426633. Angharad Verch Meurig, born Abt. 825 in Ceredigion Ankaret,Wales.

Notes for Rhodri MawrAp Merfyn:

The settlement of Anglo-Saxon peoples along the Welsh borderland separated the Brythonic peoples of Wales from those of northern and southwestern Britain. Whereas to the English they were "Welsh" (foreigners),they identified themselves as "Cymry" (compatriots). Offa's Dyke, the great linear earthwork built in the times of King Offa (d. 796) of Mercia, represents the demarcation line of English penetration into Wales.

Attempts during the next two centuries to bring the Welsh kingdoms west of the dike into a political unity proved to be only partially successful and impermanent. Rhodri Mawr ("theGreat"; d. 878), the king of Gwynedd who provided stern resistance to the Viking attacks, brought Powys within his dominion and then briefly extended his sway over two areas in the southwest (lying north and east of Dyfed), namely Ceredigion and Ystrad Tywi, which had previously been united to form the kingdom of Seisyllwg.

More About Rhodri MawrAp Merfyn:

Occupation: Bet. 844 - 878, Ruler Of Gwynedd

Occupation con't: Bet. 855 - 878, Ruler Of Powys

Children of Rhodri Merfyn and Angharad Meurig are:

11854713316 i. Anarawd, born WFT Est. 815-883; died 916; married WFT Est. 839-910.

ii. Cadell Ap Rhodri Mawr, born Abt. 856; died Bet. 909 - 910; married Rheingar; born Abt. 865 in Carmarthenshire,Wales.

More About Cadell Ap Rhodri Mawr:

Occupation: Bet. 878 - 909, Ruleer Of Seisyllwyg

iii. Merfyn Ap Rhodri, born Abt. 859 in Caer Seiont, Wales; died 900.

23709426640. Cadell Ap Rhodri Mawr, born Abt. 856; died Bet. 909 - 910. He was the son of 23709426632. Rhodri MawrAp Merfyn and 23709426633. Angharad Verch Meurig. He married 23709426641. Rheingar.

23709426641. Rheingar, born Abt. 865 in Carmarthenshire,Wales.

More About Cadell Ap Rhodri Mawr:

Occupation: Bet. 878 - 909, Ruleer Of Seisyllwyg

Child of Cadell Mawr and Rheingar is:

11854713320 i. Howell Hywel Dda Ap Cadell, born Abt. 882; died Bet. 948 - 950; married Elen Verch Llywarch.

23709426642. Llywarch Ap Hyffaidd, died 904. He was the son of 47418853284. Hyffaidd Ap Bledri.

Notes for Llywarch Ap Hyffaidd:

King of Dyfed - Llywarch was the last recorded ruler of Dyfed. He was deposed and ritually drowned by CADELL AP RHODRI of Gwynedd and his brother, RHODRI, who probably briefly proclaimed his kingship, was soon after beheaded. Llywarch's daughter Elen married HYWEL DDA, and through that marriage Hywel inherited the kingdom. Thereafter Dyfed was incorporated into Deheubarth .

Child of Llywarch Ap Hyffaidd is:

11854713321 i. Elen Verch Llywarch, born Abt. 893 in Dyfed, Wales; married Howell Hywel Dda Ap Cadell.

23709426644. Merfyn Ap Rhodri, born Abt. 859 in Caer Seiont, Wales; died 900. He was the son of 23709426632. Rhodri MawrAp Merfyn and 23709426633. Angharad Verch Meurig.

Child of Merfyn Ap Rhodri is:

11854713322 i. Llewelyn Ap Merfyn.

23709432322. Dietrich

More About Dietrich:

Occupation: Count and Warleader in Eastphalia

Child of Dietrich is:

11854716161 i. Daughter Of Assabrag, married Bruno I Abt. 755.

23709432324. Warnechin Wernicke Von Engern, born 710 in Engern; died 768. He was the son of 47418864648. Dieterick Theodoric and 47418864649. Dobzogera.

More About Warnechin Wernicke Von Engern:

Occupation: King Of Saxony

Child of Warnechin Wernicke Von Engern is:

11854716162 i. King Of The Saxons Wittekind "Widukind", born in Wettin, Saxony; died 807; married Geva Eysteinsdottir Of Vestfold.

23709432326. Eystein Halfdannsson De Vestfold, born Bet. 720 - 736 in Norway; died 780 in Vesthold, Norway. He was the son of 47418864652. Halvdan I Olafsson De Vestfold and 47418864653. Asa Eysteinsdottir Throndheim. He married 23709432327. Hilda Ericsdottir.

23709432327. Hilda Ericsdottir, born 735 in Vesthold, Norway.

Notes for Eystein Halfdannsson De Vestfold:

Norwegian knight and ruler of the Upplands

After Halfdan Whiteleg's death, according to the sagas, his son Eystein ruled Vestfold until a rival king named Skjold used his magic powers to have Eystein knocked overboard during a sailing expedition. Eystein's body was recovered from the sea and buried with great ceremony.

More About Eystein Halfdannsson De Vestfold:

Occupation: King of Raumarike

Child of Eystein De Vestfold and Hilda Ericsdottir is:

11854716163 i. Geva Eysteinsdottir Of Vestfold, born 756; died 818; married King Of The Saxons Wittekind "Widukind".

23709432336. Eystein De Bastenburg, born 810 in Maer, Nord-Trondelag, Norway. He married 23709432337. Ascrida Ragnvaldsdottir.

23709432337. Ascrida Ragnvaldsdottir, born 840 in Norway; died 880. She was the daughter of 47418864674. Ragnvald Olafsson and 47418864675. Tora Sigurdsdottir.

More About Ascrida Ragnvaldsdottir:

TITL: of Jutland and Maer

Child of Eystein De Bastenburg and Ascrida Ragnvaldsdottir is:

11854716168 i. Turstan De Bastenburg, born 865.

23709432352. Gorm Ensk, born Abt. 830. He was the son of 47418864704. Frotho Of Denmark. He married 23709432353. Sidu.

23709432353. Sidu, born Abt. 830.

Child of Gorm Ensk and Sidu is:

11854716176 i. Harold Parcus King Of Denmark, born WFT Est. 851-873; died WFT Est. 894-958; married Elgina WFT Est. 894-926.

23709432354. Aethelred I King Of Wessex4761, born Abt. 837 in WANTAGE, ENG4761; died April 23, 871 in Witchampton, England4761. He was the son of 23709432516. King Of England, King Of Aethelwulf King Of Wessex and 23709432517. Queen Of Wessex Osburga. He married 23709432355. Wulfrida Bet. 867 - 8684761.

23709432355. Wulfrida, born 840.

More About Aethelred I King Of Wessex:

Burial: Witchampton, England

TITL: Bet. 865 - 871, King of Wessex

More About Aethelred and Wulfrida:

Marriage: Bet. 867 - 8684761

Children of Aethelred and Wulfrida are:

11854716177 i. Elgina, born WFT Est. 863-872; died WFT Est. 894-963; married Harold Parcus King Of Denmark WFT Est. 894-926.

ii. Athelhelm Ealdorman Of Wiltshire, born 869; died 898; married Athelgyth Lady Of Mercia; born 860.

23709432368. Edmund Eriksson4762, born Abt. 832 in Sweden4762; died WFT Est. 853-9234762. He was the son of 47418864736. Erik Refilsson.

Child of Edmund Eriksson is:

11854716184 i. Erik Edmundsson, born Abt. 849 in Sweden; died Abt. 900; married WFT Est. 868-892.

23709432480. Huebald Count Of Ostrevant, born 835; died 895. He married 23709432481. Helewise Di Friuli.

23709432481. Helewise Di Friuli, born 843; died 936. She was the daughter of 11854725780. Of, Friaul Eberhard Duke Of Friuli and 11854725781. Of Italy , Princesse De F Gisele.

Child of Huebald Ostrevant and Helewise Di Friuli is:

11854716240 i. Raoul De Cambrai I, born 890; died 944 in Killed in battle; married Liegard De Mantes.

23709432516. King Of England, King Of Aethelwulf King Of Wessex4763, born 806 in WESSEX, ENG4763; died January 13, 857/58 in England4764. He was the son of 47418865032. Egbert King Of Wessex and 47418865033. Redburh Queen Of Wessex. He married 23709432517. Queen Of Wessex Osburga Abt. 8374764.

23709432517. Queen Of Wessex Osburga4765,4766, born Abt. 810 in Wessex, England4766; died 8464766.

More About King Of England, King Of Aethelwulf King Of Wessex:

Burial: Winchester Cathedral, London, England4766

Record Change: July 12, 20014766

TITL: Bet. 839 - 858, King Of Wessex

More About Queen Of Wessex Osburga:

Record Change: July 12, 20014766

More About Aethelwulf and Osburga:

Marriage: Abt. 8374766

Record Change: July 12, 20014766

Children of Aethelwulf and Osburga are:

11854716258 i. King Of England Alfred The Great, born 849 in Wantage, Dorset, England; died October 26, 900 in Winchester, Hampshire, England; married Of The Gaini Ealhswith Mucill 868.

ii. Aethelbald

More About Aethelbald:

TITL: Bet. 855 - 860, King of Wessex

iii. Aethelbert

More About Aethelbert:

TITL: Bet. 860 - 865, King of Wessex

iv. Aethelred I King Of Wessex4767, born Abt. 837 in WANTAGE, ENG4767; died April 23, 871 in Witchampton, England4767; married Wulfrida Bet. 867 - 8684767; born 840.

More About Aethelred I King Of Wessex:

Burial: Witchampton, England

TITL: Bet. 865 - 871, King of Wessex

More About Aethelred and Wulfrida:

Marriage: Bet. 867 - 8684767

23709432518. The Great, Earl Of Mercia Aethelred Mucil4768,4769, born Abt. 823 in Mercia, England4769; died 8664769. He married 23709432519. Eadburga "Emma" "Eadburh".

23709432519. Eadburga "Emma" "Eadburh"4770,4771, born Abt. 826 in England4771; died in Y4771.

More About The Great, Earl Of Mercia Aethelred Mucil:

Record Change: July 12, 20014771

More About Eadburga "Emma" "Eadburh":

Record Change: July 12, 20014771

More About Aethelred Mucil and Eadburga:

Record Change: July 12, 20014771

Child of Aethelred Mucil and Eadburga is:

11854716259 i. Of The Gaini Ealhswith Mucill, born Abt. 852 in Mercia, England; died December 05, 905 in Saint Mary's Abbey, Wincester, Dorset County, England; married King Of England Alfred The Great 868.

23709432720. Renaud Auxerre, born Bef. 905. He was the son of 47418865440. Renaud Auxerre and 47418865441. Daughter De Laesoie.

Child of Renaud Auxerre is:

11854716360 i. Son Of Bar.

23709432800. Rogenald (A Viking)4772, born Abt. 8624772.

Child of Rogenald (A Viking) is:

11854716400 i. Archard De La Ferte, born Abt. 892; died Aft. 950; married Of Bar-Sur-Aube WFT Est. 923-958.

23709432832. Cinaeth, born in Leinster, Ireland; died 935. He was the son of 47418865664. Cairbre.

More About Cinaeth:

Occupation: King Of Leinster

Child of Cinaeth is:

11854716416 i. Caellach, born in Leinster, Ireland; died 947.

23709433600. Muirecan MacDiarmait O'Faelain, born Bef. 785; died 862. He was the son of 47418867200. Dermot.

More About Muirecan MacDiarmait O'Faelain:

Occupation: Lord Of Naas

TITL: King Of Leinster

Child of Muirecan MacDiarmait O'Faelain is:

11854716800 i. Mael Morda MacMuirecan O'Faelain, born Bef. 863; died Bet. 906 - 917; married Joan O'Neill.

23709433602. Niall III Caille mac Aodh, born 791; died 846. He was the son of 47418867204. Aodh VI Oirnide and 47418867205. Maeve Of Connaught. He married 23709433603. Gormlaith of Meath.

23709433603. Gormlaith of Meath

More About Niall III Caille mac Aodh:

Occupation: Bet. 833 - 846, King Of Ireland

Child of Niall mac Aodh and Gormlaith Meath is:

11854716801 i. Joan O'Neill, married Mael Morda MacMuirecan O'Faelain.

23709450240. Geoffrey He was the son of 47418900480. Bouchard.

Child of Geoffrey is:

11854725120 i. Aubri.

23709450304. Francon De Narbonne I He was the son of 47418900608. Son Of Narbonne.

Child of Francon De Narbonne I is:

11854725152 i. Lieven De Narbonne, died Aft. 878.

23709450368. Torquat (Tortulfe) De Rennes4773, born 800 in Rennes, Anjou, France4773; died WFT Est. 825-8914773.

Child of Torquat (Tortulfe) De Rennes is:

11854725184 i. Count Of Anjou Tertulle, born 821 in Rennes, Anjou, France; died WFT Est. 873-933; married Petronille d' Auxerre WFT Est. 860-892.

23709450370. Hugo "L'Abbe" The Bastard4773, born 794 in Aachen, Rhineland, Prus.4773; died June 07, 8444773. He was the son of 23709452336. King Of Franks, Holy Roma Charlemagne Emperor Of The West and 47418900741. Regina.

Child of Hugo "L'Abbe" The Bastard is:

11854725185 i. Petronille d' Auxerre, born Abt. 840 in Rhineland ,Prussia; died WFT Est. 873-939; married Count Of Anjou Tertulle WFT Est. 860-892.

23709450512. Wolpert Von Ringleheim4774, born Abt. 800 in Of, Ringelheim, , Germany4774; died WFT Est. 832-8914774. He married 23709450513. Alburgis Von Ringleheim WFT Est. 831-8664774.

23709450513. Alburgis Von Ringleheim4774, born Abt. 800 in Of, Ringelheim, , Germany4774; died WFT Est. 831-8944774.

More About Wolpert Von Ringleheim and Alburgis Von Ringleheim:

Marriage: WFT Est. 831-8664774

Child of Wolpert Von Ringleheim and Alburgis Von Ringleheim is:

11854725256 i. Reginhart Count Of Ringleheim, born Abt. 828 in Of, Ringleheim, Germany; died WFT Est. 861-919; married Matilda Countess Of Ringleheim WFT Est. 861-895.

23709451328. King Of Brittany Nominoe4775, born WFT Est. 735-7954775; died March 07, 850/514775. He was the son of 47418902656. Erispoe Of Brittany. He married 23709451329. Aryontael De Vannes WFT Est. 752-8254775.

23709451329. Aryontael De Vannes, born WFT Est. 724-7984775; died WFT Est. 755-8764775.

More About King Nominoe and Aryontael De Vannes:

Marriage: WFT Est. 752-8254775

Children of King Nominoe and Aryontael De Vannes are:

11854725668 i. Count of Rennes Count Of Rennes Gurwant, born Abt. 850; died WFT Est. 822-929; married N.N. Of Brittany WFT Est. 810-883.

ii. Duke of Brittany Duke Of Brittany Erispoe4775,4776, born Abt. 7944776; died November 8574777,4778; married WFT Est. 779-8504779

More About Duke of Brittany Duke Of Brittany Erispoe:

Fact 3: Duke of Brittany4780

SOURCE: December 20, 1996, WFT Vol II, FT #12414780

More About Duke of Brittany Duke Of Brittany Erispoe:

Marriage: WFT Est. 779-8504781

11854725664 iii. Count Of Nantes And Vannes Ridoredh, born 824; died WFT Est. 816-924; married Concubine WFT Est. 804-880.

23709451338. Duke of Brittany Duke Of Brittany Erispoe4781,4782, born Abt. 7944782; died November 8574783,4784. He was the son of 23709451328. King Of Brittany Nominoe and 23709451329. Aryontael De Vannes.

More About Duke of Brittany Duke Of Brittany Erispoe:

Fact 3: Duke of Brittany4784

SOURCE: December 20, 1996, WFT Vol II, FT #12414784

Children of Duke of Brittany Duke Of Brittany Erispoe are:

11854725669 i. N.N. Of Brittany, born Abt. 855; died WFT Est. 822-933; married Count of Rennes Count Of Rennes Gurwant WFT Est. 810-883.

ii. Perrone, married Pepin Vermandois I; born 817; died Aft. 840.

More About Pepin Vermandois I:

Occupation: Count Of Senlis

23709451560. Unruoch I OF FRIULI4785, born WFT Est. 758-8014785; died WFT Est. 797-8824785. He was the son of 47418903120. Berenger Of The East Franks. He married 23709451561. Engeltron Of Paris WFT Est. 785-8424785.

23709451561. Engeltron Of Paris4785, born WFT Est. 769-8144785; died WFT Est. 797-8974785. She was the daughter of 47418903122. Begue Of Paris and 47418903123. Alpais.

More About Unruoch I OF FRIULI:

OCCU: Margrave of Friuli4785

Occupation: Margrave Of Friuli

More About Unruoch FRIULI and Engeltron Paris:

Marriage: WFT Est. 785-8424785

Child of Unruoch FRIULI and Engeltron Paris is:

11854725780 i. Of, Friaul Eberhard Duke Of Friuli, born Abt. 800 in Of, , Saxony, Germany; died December 16, 866; married Of Italy , Princesse De F Gisele 836 in Of, France.

23709451576. Guelph III Of Andech4786, born 7874786; died 8184786. He was the son of 47418903152. Guelph. He married 23709451577. Edith Of Saxony.

23709451577. Edith Of Saxony4786, born WFT Est. 760-7894786; died WFT Est. 803-8794786.

Child of Guelph and Edith is:

11854725788 i. Conrad I Of Burgundy, born 800; died 863; married Ermentrude Of Alsace WFT Est. 831-857.

23709451648. Rutpert 11. Count In The Upper Rhine And Wormgau4787, born Bef. 7704787; died Aft. 8074787. He was the son of 47418903296. Turincbertus. (Thuringbert). He married 23709451649. Theoderata WFT Est. 782-7884787.

23709451649. Theoderata4787, born WFT Est. 749-7764787; died 7894787.

More About Rutpert Wormgau and Theoderata:

Marriage: WFT Est. 782-7884787

Child of Rutpert Wormgau and Theoderata is:

11854725824 i. Rutpert 111. Count In Wormgau, born Bef. 789; died Abt. 834; married Wialdruth WFT Est. 806-829.

23709451652. Lutteride II Count Of Alsace4787,4788,4789, born Abt. 735 in Alsace, France4789; died 7804790,4791. He was the son of 47418903304. Lutteride I Duke Of Alsace and 47418903305. Edith. He married 23709451653. Hiltrude WFT Est. 744-7784792.

23709451653. Hiltrude4792,4793,4794, born Abt. 735 in Upper Alsace, France4794; died WFT Est. 767-8294794.

More About Lutteride II Count Of Alsace:

TITL: (COUNT)4794

More About Lutteride and Hiltrude:

Marriage: WFT Est. 744-7784795

Children of Lutteride and Hiltrude are:

11854725826 i. Hugh 111, Count Of Alsace And Tours, born WFT Est. 761-781; died Abt. 839; married Bava WFT Est. 788-828.

11854726180 ii. Hugh II "Le Mefiant" De Tours, born Abt. 765 in Upper Alsace, France; died October 836; married (1) Ermengarde Of Hesbaye; married (2) Aba WFT Est. 807-839.

23709451664. Bruno4796,4797,4798, born Abt. 800 in Of, , Saxony, Germany4799; died Bef. 8444799. He was the son of 47418903328. Berns Of Saxony and 47418903329. Hasela. He married 23709451665. Oda WFT Est. 819-8514799.

23709451665. Oda

More About Bruno:

Occupation: Count Of Saxony

Record Change: July 12, 20014800

More About Bruno and Oda:

Marriage: WFT Est. 819-8514801

Record Change: July 12, 20014802

Child of Bruno and Oda is:

11854725832 i. "The Great" Von Saxe , Du Ludolph, born Abt. 826 in Germany; died September 06, 864; married Oda WFT Est. 857-865.

23709451666. Count Billung He married 23709451667. Arda.

23709451667. Arda

Child of Count Billung and Arda is:

11854725833 i. Oda, born 806; died May 913; married "The Great" Von Saxe , Du Ludolph WFT Est. 857-865.

23709451672. Duke Of Saxony Wigebart4803,4804, born Abt. 800 in Ringleheim, Germany4804; died 8254804. He was the son of 11854716162. King Of The Saxons Wittekind "Widukind" and 11854716163. Geva Eysteinsdottir Of Vestfold. He married 23709451673. Alburgis.

23709451673. Alburgis4805,4806, born Abt. 8004806; died in Y4806.

More About Duke Of Saxony Wigebart:

Record Change: July 12, 20014806

More About Alburgis:

Record Change: July 12, 20014806

More About Wigebart and Alburgis:

Record Change: July 12, 20014806

Child of Wigebart and Alburgis is:

11854725836 i. Count Of Ringelheim Reginhart "Walpert", born Abt. 828 in Ringleheim, Germany; died 856; married Matilda.

23709451732. Basileos Of Byzantium I, born 812 in Adrianople, Turrkey. He married 23709451733. Eudoxia Ingerina.

23709451733. Eudoxia Ingerina, born Abt. 835 in Constantinople, Turkey.

Child of Basileos Byzantium and Eudoxia Ingerina is:

11854725866 i. Leon Of Byzantium VI, born September 19, 866 in Constantinople, Turkey; married Zoe Karbonopsina 898.

23709451840. Kenneth I MacAlpin, died February 857/58. He was the son of 47418903680. Alpin.

Notes for Kenneth I MacAlpin:

Ruler of the Scots 840-858 and of the Picts 847-858

Child of Kenneth I MacAlpin is:

11854725920 i. Constantine I, died 877 in Crail.

23709451920. Harde-Knud Sigurdsson4807, born Abt. 814 in Hord, Jutland, Denmark4807; died 8394807. He was the son of 47418903840. Sigurd Ragnarsson and 47418903841. Heluna Ellusdatter.

Children of Harde-Knud Sigurdsson are:

11854725960 i. Geva Gorm Knudsson, born Abt. 840 in Denmark; died Abt. 940; married Thyre "Danebod" WFT Est. 871-906.

ii. Frotho Of Denmark

23709451928. Leszek IV Prince Of Poland4807, born Abt. 865 in Poznan Poznan Poland4807; died 9214807. He was the son of 47418903856. Ziemowit Prince Of Poland.

Child of Leszek IV Prince Of Poland is:

11854725964 i. Ziemomysl Prince Of Poland, born Abt. 892 in Poznan Poland; died Abt. 963; married WFT Est. 911-942.

23709451932. Vratislav I4807, born Abt. 877 in Praha Czechoslavakia4807; died February 13, 920/214807. He was the son of 47418903864. Borivoj I and 47418903865. Lidmila Ze Psova. He married 23709451933. Stodor Princess Of Lutice Bef. 9104807.

23709451933. Stodor Princess Of Lutice4807, born Abt. 881 in Praha,Czechoslovalkia4807; died 9374807. She was the daughter of 47418903866. Lord Of Luticz.

More About Vratislav I:

Comment 1: Aka Wratislaw

TITL: Chief Duke Of Bohemia

More About Vratislav and Stodor Lutice:

Marriage: Bef. 9104807

Child of Vratislav and Stodor Lutice is:

11854725966 i. Boleslav I, born Abt. 900 in Praha Czechoslvakia; died July 15, 967; married Bozena Or Biagota WFT Est. 931-959.

23709452192. Udo II Of Lahngau, died Aft. 879. He was the son of 47418904384. Gebhard I Of Nieder-Lahngau.

Child of Udo II Of Lahngau is:

11854726096 i. Count Of Welterau Gebhard I Of Wetterau, born Bef. 888; died June 24, 910; married Oda De Saxe.

23709452212. Burchard I Ct De Thurgovie, born Abt. 868; died November 05, 911. He was the son of 47418904424. Adalbert II Ct De Thurgovie and 47418904425. Judith De Frioul.

More About Burchard I Ct De Thurgovie:

Occupation: Graf Von Thurgau

Child of Burchard I Ct De Thurgovie is:

11854726106 i. Buchard Von Schwaben II, born 882; died April 29, 926 in Battle of Ivrea; married Reginlinde Von Nullenburg.

11854726188. King Of France & Aquitain Louis I Emperor Of The West4808,4809,4810,4811, born August 15, 778 in Casseneuil, Lot-Et-Garonne, France4812; died June 20, 840 in Ingelheim, Rheinhessen, Hesse-Darmstadt4812. He was the son of 23709452336. King Of Franks, Holy Roma Charlemagne Emperor Of The West and 23709452377. Von Schwaben , Of Vinzgau Hildegard. He married 23709452291. Hermingarde Princess Of Hesbaye 798 in , , France4813.

23709452291. Hermingarde Princess Of Hesbaye4813,4814, born Abt. 778 in Of Hesbaye, Liege, Belgium4815; died October 03, 818 in Angers, Maine-et-Loire, France4815. She was the daughter of 47418904582. Duke Of Hesbaye Ingeramne and 47418904583. Duchess Of Hesbay Mrs-Ingeramme.

More About King Of France & Aquitain Louis I Emperor Of The West:

Burial: Abbey Of Metz Or Achen Cathedral, Aachen, Rheinland, Prussia4816

OCCU: Emperor 814-8404817

Record Change: July 12, 20014818

More About Louis and Hermingarde Hesbaye:

Marriage: 798, , , France4819

Children of Louis and Hermingarde Hesbaye are:

i. Alpaide4819, born Abt. 810 in Of, , , France4819; died WFT Est. 852-9054819; married Beggen (Bego) Count Of Paris WFT Est. 838-8704819; born Abt. 795 in Paris, Seine, France4819; died Abt. 7954819.

More About Beggen Paris and Alpaide:

Marriage: WFT Est. 838-8704819

11854738834 ii. Lothair I, born 795 in Altdorf, Bavaria, Germany; died September 29, 855 in Pruem,Rheinland, Prussia; married Ermengarde Of Orleans October 15, 821 in Thionville, Moselle, France.

11854726145 iii. Rotrud Or Hildegard, born WFT Est. 798-817; died WFT Est. 804-904; married Count Gerard Of Auvergne WFT Est. 799-853.

iv. Pepin

v. Louis II, born 806; died 876; married Emma Of Bavaria; born Abt. 810; died January 31, 875/76.

More About Louis II:

Occupation: King Of Eastern Francia

Children of Louis and Judith are:

i. King Of France & Emperor Charles II King Of France4820,4821, born June 13, 828 in Frankfort-am-Main4822; died October 06, 877 in Mt. Cenis in the Alps4822; married (1) Of Orléans, Queen Of Fran Hermentrude Queen Of France December 8424823; born 825 in ORLEANS, FRANCE4824; died October 06, 8694825,4826; married (2) Richildis De Metz January 22, 869/70 in AAchen, Rhineland, Prussia; born Abt. 844; died June 02, 910.

Notes for King Of France & Emperor Charles II King Of France:

[Brøderbund WFT Vol. 14, Ed. 1, Tree #1829, Date of Import: Jan 8, 1999]

also Emperor 25Dec875-877

More About King Of France & Emperor Charles II King Of France:

OCCU: King Franks 840-8774827

Record Change: July 12, 20014828

TITL: "The Bald"4829

More About Of Orléans, Queen Of Fran Hermentrude Queen Of France:

Record Change: July 12, 20014830

More About Charles and Hermentrude:

Marriage: December 8424830

Record Change: July 12, 20014830

11854725781 ii. Of Italy , Princesse De F Gisele, born 820 in Frankfurt, Hesse Nassau, Prussia; died July 01, 874; married Of, Friaul Eberhard Duke Of Friuli 836 in Of, France.

23709452320. Halfdan SVEIDASSON4831, born WFT Est. 703-7594831; died 8004831. He was the son of 47418904640. Sveidi Svidrasson and 47418904641. Mrs. Svidrasson.

Child of Halfdan SVEIDASSON is:

11854726160 i. Ivar Halfdansson, born Abt. 770; died WFT Est. 813-873; married Eysteinsdatter Abt. 824.

23709452324. Olaf, born Abt. 770; died 840. He was the son of 47418904648. Gudrod.

More About Olaf:

Occupation: Bet. 810 - 840, King Of Norway

Child of Olaf is:

11854726162 i. Ragnald.

23709452336. King Of Franks, Holy Roma Charlemagne Emperor Of The West4832,4833,4834,4835,4836,4837, born April 02, 742 in Ingelheim, Rheinhessen, Hesse-Darmstadt4838; died January 28, 813/14 in Aachen, Rhineland, Prussia4839. He was the son of 47418904672. King Of The F Pepin "The Short" and 47418904673. Countess Of Laon Bertrada. He met 23709452337. Himiltrude (A Concubine) WFT Est. 773-8054840.

23709452337. Himiltrude (A Concubine)4840, born Abt. 7424840; died WFT Est. 773-8364840.

Notes for King Of Franks, Holy Roma Charlemagne Emperor Of The West:

[Brøderbund WFT Vol. 2, Ed. 1, Tree #2693, Date of Import: Feb 15, 1999]

From The Ancestrial File LDS Records

Had five wives and nine concubines.

[Brøderbund WFT Vol. 14, Ed. 1, Tree #1829, Date of Import: Jan 8, 1999]

Crowned Holy Roman Emperor 25Dec800;

[Brøderbund WFT Vol. 1, Ed. 1, Tree #0816, Date of Import: Nov 17, 1998]

Charlemagne, in Latin Carolus Magnus (Charles the Great) (742-814), king of the Franks (768-814) and Emperor of the Romans (800-14), who led his Frankish armies to victory over numerous other peoples and established his rule in most of western and central Europe. He was the best-known and most influential king in Europe in the Middle Ages.

Early Years

Charlemagne was born probably in Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle), on April 2, 742, the son of the Frankish king Pepin the Short and the grandson of Charles Martel. In 751 Pepin dethroned the last Merovingian king and assumed the royal title himself. He was crowned by Pope Stephen II in 754. Besides anointing Pepin, Pope Stephen anointed both Charlemagne and his younger brother Carloman.

Within the year Pepin invaded Italy to protect the pope against the Lombards, and in 756 he again had to rush to the pope's aid. From 760 on, Pepin's main military efforts went into the conquest of Aquitaine, the lands south of the Loire River. Charlemagne accompanied his father on most of these expeditions.

Campaigns

When Pepin died in 768, the rule of his realms was to be shared between his two sons. Charlemagne sought an alliance with the Lombards by marrying (770) the daughter of their king, Desiderius (reigned 757-774). In 771 Carloman died suddenly. Charlemagne then seized his territories, but Carloman's heirs took refuge at the court of Desiderius. By that time Charlemagne had repudiated his wife, and Desiderius was no longer friendly. In 772, when Pope Adrian I appealed to Charlemagne for help against Desiderius, the Frankish king invaded Italy, deposed his erstwhile father-in-law (774), and himself assumed the royal title. He then journeyed to Rome and reaffirmed his father's promise to protect papal lands. As early as 772 Charlemagne had fought onslaughts of the heathen Saxons on his lands. Buoyed by his Italian success, he now (775) embarked on a campaign to conquer and Christianize them. That campaign had some initial success but was to drag on for 30 years, in which time he conducted many other campaigns as well. He fought in Spain in 778; on the return trip his rear guard, led by Roland, was ambushed, a story immortalized in The Song of Roland. In 788 he subjected the Bavarians to his rule, and between 791 and 796 Charlemagne's armies conquered the empire of the Avars (corresponding roughly to modern Hungary and Austria).

Coronation

Having thus established Frankish rule over so many other peoples, Charlemagne had in fact built an empire and become an emperor. It remained only for him to add the title. On Christmas Day, in 800, Charlemagne knelt to pray in Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome. Pope Leo III then placed a crown upon his head, and the people assembled in the church acclaimed him the great, pacific emperor of the Romans.

Charlemagne's biographer, Einhard, reported that the king was surprised by this coronation and that had he known it was going to happen, he would not have gone into the church that day. This report has led to much speculation by historians. Charlemagne probably desired and expected to get the imperial title and he subsequently used it. In 813 he designated his sole surviving son, Louis, as his successor, and personally crowned him.

Administration

Charlemagne established a more permanent royal capital than had any of his predecessors. His favorite residence from 794 on was at Aix-la-Chapelle. He had a church and a palace constructed there, based in part on architectural borrowings from Ravenna and Rome. At his court he gathered scholars from all over Europe, the most famous being the English cleric Alcuin of York, whom he placed in charge of the palace school.

Administration of the empire was entrusted to some 250 royal administrators called counts. Charlemagne issued hundreds of decrees, called capitularies, dealing with a broad range of topics from judicial and military matters to monasteries, education, and the management of royal estates.

The empire did not expand after 800; indeed, already in the 790s the seacoasts and river valleys experienced the first, dreaded visits of the Vikings. Charlemagne ordered a special watch against them in every harbor, but with little effect. He died before their full, destructive force was unleashed on the empire.

Evaluation

Charlemagne is important not only for the number of his victories and the size of his empire, but for the special blend of tradition and innovation that he represented. On the one hand, he was a traditional Germanic warrior, who spent most of his adult life fighting. In the Saxon campaigns he imposed baptism by the sword, and he retaliated against rebels with merciless slaughter. On the other hand, he placed his immense power and prestige at the service of Christian doctrine, the monastic life, the teaching of Latin, the copying of books, and the rule of law. His life, held up as a model to most later kings, thus embodied the fusion of Germanic, Roman, and Christian cultures that became the basis of European civilization.

All notes of this line;

Ancestral Roots of Sixty Colonists by Frederic Lewis Weis

Eight lines of descent of John Prescot, founder of Lancaster, Mass

by Frederick Lewis Weis

Some Magna Carta Barons and Other royal Linages by Dorothy a. Sherman Lainson;B.A.; M.N.

Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists(7th Ed) by Frederick Lewis Weis, Th.D.; F.A.S.G. (line 50)

CHARLEMAGNE (742?-814). "By the sword and the cross," Charlemagne (Charles the Great) became master of Western Europe. It was falling into decay when Charlemagne became joint king of the Franks in 768. Except in the monasteries, people had all but forgotten education and the arts. Boldly Charlemagne conquered barbarians and kings alike. By restoring the roots of learning and order, he preserved many political rights and revived culture.

Charlemagne's grandfather was Charles Martel, the warrior who crushed the Saracens (see Charles Martel). Charlemagne was the elder son of Bertrade ("Bertha Greatfoot") and Pepin the Short, first "mayor of the palace" to become king of the Franks. Although schools had almost disappeared in the 8th century, historians believe that Bertrade gave young Charles some education and that he learned to read. His devotion to the church motivated him throughout life.

Charlemagne was tall, powerful, and tireless. His secretary, Eginhard, wrote that Charlemagne had fair hair and a "face laughing and merry . . . his appearance was always stately and dignified." He had a ready wit, but could be stern. His tastes were simple and moderate. He delighted in hunting, riding, and swimming. He wore the Frankish dress linen shirt and breeches, a silk-fringed tunic, hose wrapped with bands, and, in winter, a tight coat of otter or marten skins. Over all these garments "he flung a blue cloak, and he always had a sword girt about him."

Charlemagne's character was contradictory. In an age when the usual penalty for defeat was death, Charlemagne several times spared the lives of his defeated foes; yet in 782 at Verden, after a Saxon uprising, he ordered 4,500 Saxons beheaded. He compelled the clergy and nobles to reform, but he divorced two of his four wives without any cause. He forced kings and princes to kneel at his feet, yet his mother and his two favorite wives often overruled him in his own household.

Charlemagne Begins His Reign

In 768, when Charlemagne was 26, he and his brother Carloman inherited the kingdom of the Franks. In 771 Carloman died, and Charlemagne became sole ruler of the kingdom. At that time the northern half of Europe was still pagan and lawless. In the south, the Roman Catholic church was striving to assert its power against the Lombard kingdom in Italy. In Charlemagne's own realm, the Franks were falling back into barbarian ways, neglecting their education and religion.

Charlemagne was determined to strengthen his realm and to bring order to Europe. In 772 he launched a 30-year campaign that conquered and Christianized the powerful pagan Saxons in the north. He subdued the Avars, a huge Tatar tribe on the Danube. He compelled the rebellious Bavarian dukes to submit to him.

When possible he preferred to settle matters peacefully, however. For example, Charlemagne offered to pay the Lombard king Desiderius for return of lands to the pope, but, when Desiderius refused, Charlemagne seized his kingdom in 773 to 774 and restored the Papal States.

The key to Charlemagne's amazing conquests was his ability to organize. During his reign he sent out more than 50 military expeditions. He rode as commander at the head of at least half of them. He moved his armies over wide reaches of country with unbelievable speed, but every move was planned in advance. Before a campaign he told the counts, princes, and bishops throughout his realm how many men they should bring, what arms they were to carry, and even what to load in the supply wagons. These feats of organization and the swift marches later led Napoleon to study his tactics.

One of Charlemagne's minor campaigns has become the most famous. In 778 he led his army into Spain, where they laid siege to Saragossa. They failed to take the city, and during their retreat a group of Basques ambushed the rear guard at Roncesvalles and killed "Count Roland." Roland became a great hero of medieval songs and romances (see Roland).

By 800 Charlemagne was the undisputed ruler of Western Europe. His vast realm covered what are now France, Switzerland, Belgium, and the Netherlands. It included half of present-day Italy and Germany, part of Austria, and the Spanish March ("border"). The broad March reached to the Ebro River. By thus establishing a central government over Western Europe, Charlemagne restored much of the unity of the old Roman Empire and paved the way for the development of modern Europe.

Crowned Emperor

On Christmas Day in 800, while Charlemagne knelt in prayer in St. Peter's in Rome, Pope Leo III seized a golden crown from the altar and placed it on the bowed head of the king. The throng in the church shouted, "To Charles the August, crowned by God, great and pacific emperor, long life and victory!"

Charlemagne is said to have been surprised by the coronation, declaring that he would not have come into the church had he known the pope's plan. However, some historians say the pope would not have dared to act without Charlemagne's knowledge.

The coronation was the foundation of the Holy Roman Empire. Though Charlemagne did not use the title, he is considered the first Holy Roman emperor (see Holy Roman Empire).

Reform and Renaissance

Charlemagne had deep sympathy for the peasants and believed that government should be for the benefit of the governed. When he came to the throne, various local governors, called "counts," had become lax and oppressive. To reform them, he expanded the work of investigators, called missi dominici. He prescribed their duties in documents called capitularies and sent them out in teams of two a churchman and a noble. They rode to all parts of the realm, inspecting government, administering justice, and reawakening all citizens to their civil and religious duties.

Twice a year Charlemagne summoned the chief men of the empire to discuss its affairs. In all problems he was the final arbiter, even in church issues, and he largely unified church and state.

Charlemagne was a tireless reformer who tried to improve his people's lot in many ways. He set up money standards to encourage commerce, tried to build a Rhine-Danube canal, and urged better farming methods. He especially worked to spread education and Christianity in every class of people.

He revived the Palace School at Aachen, his capital. He set up other schools, opening them to peasant boys as well as nobles.

Charlemagne never stopped studying. He brought an English monk, Alcuin, and other scholars to his court. He learned to read Latin and some Greek but apparently did not master writing. At meals, instead of having jesters perform, he listened to men reading from learned works.

To revive church music, Charlemagne had monks sent from Rome to train his Frankish singers. To restore some appreciation of art, he brought valuable pieces from Italy. An impressive monument to his religious devotion is the cathedral at Aachen, which he built and where he was buried (see Aachen).

At Charlemagne's death in 814 only one of his three sons, Louis, was living. Louis's weak rule brought on the rise of civil wars and revolts. After his death his three quarreling sons split the empire between them by the Partition of Verdun in 843.

---------------------------------------------------------

Excerpted from Compton’s Interactive Encyclopedia

HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE. From Christmas Day in AD 800 until Aug. 6, 1806, there existed in Europe a peculiar political institution called the Holy Roman Empire. The name of the empire as it is known today did not come into general use until 1254. It has truly been said that this political arrangement was not holy, or Roman, or an empire. Any holiness attached to it came from the claims of the popes in their attempts to assert religious control in Europe. It was Roman to the extent that it tried to revive, without success, the political authority of the Roman Empire in the West as a countermeasure to the Byzantine Empire in the East. It was an empire in the loosest sense of the word at no time was it able to consolidate unchallenged political control over the vast territories it pretended to rule. There was no central government, no unity of language, no common system of law, no sense of common loyalty among the many states within it. Over the centuries the empire's boundaries shifted and shrank drastically.

Origins

The original Roman Empire ended in Italy and Western Europe in AD 476, when the last emperor Romulus Augustulus was deposed. Political power passed to Constantinople (now Istanbul), the capital of the Byzantine Empire. Theoretically Constantinople included all of Europe in its domain. Realistically, however, this proved impossible, as barbarian kingdoms were established throughout Western Europe. The only figure in the West who had any claim to universal authority was the pope in Rome, and he was legally bishop of Rome, confirmed in his position by the Byzantine emperor.

By the 8th century, Byzantine control of Italy had vanished. The Lombard kingdom of northern Italy had driven out the emperor's representative in Ravenna in 751. There were also strong religious differences between the pope and the church in Constantinople differences that would lead to a complete break in 1054. Confronted with this situation, the Roman popes sought political protection from the only people who would give it the kings of the Franks, the strongest power north of the Alps. In 754 the Frankish king Pepin the Short invaded Italy and conquered the Lombard kingdom. Two years later he assigned the former Byzantine territory around Ravenna to the pope. This was the birth of the Papal States of Italy, which would endure until the unification of Italy in the 19th century.

This close cooperation between popes and the Frankish kings would have far-reaching consequences. It laid the basis for centuries of conflict between emperors and popes over who had the supreme authority in Europe. According to the popes, the empire was the political arm of the church. The emperors, on the other hand, saw themselves as directly responsible to God, and they relied on conquest and control for their power.

There is little doubt that the popes hoped to become the successors of emperors in the West. Since this was politically impossible, the next best solution was to assert religious control by means of political institutions. On Dec. 25, 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor during a service at St. Peter's Basilica in Rome (see Charlemagne). The act was illegal, because popes never had the right to crown emperors. The crowning did nothing for Charlemagne. He was as before king of the Franks and Lombards and the most powerful monarch in Europe. The main practical outcome of Leo's act was to complete the separation between East and West. It thereby set up a rivalry with Constantinople, a rivalry in which neither side had a real advantage. Most significantly the coronation involved the new emperor and his successors in the political pretensions of the papacy.

Charlemagne's Empire

The empire lasted as long as it did because the idea was politically and religiously appealing to the peoples and rulers of Europe. It did not endure unbroken, however. Charlemagne's kingdom did not remain whole very long after his death. His domains were fragmented by his successors. The last of his descendants to hold the title of emperor was Charles III the Fat (881-87). From 888 France, Germany, and Italy were separate states (though not unified nations by any means). A succession of emperors, mostly nominees of the popes, followed Charles. With the death of the last of these in 924, the powerful Roman family of the Crescentii abolished the title of emperor in Italy at least for a time.

Rise of the Germanic Empire

The imperial title had died temporarily in Italy, but it persisted north of the Alps. It was a notion of empire that had nothing to do with Rome. By the middle of the 10th century there were two Frankish kingdoms east and west. The West Kingdom was composed largely of today's France. The East Frankish Kingdom was Germanic. From this time the Holy Roman Empire was to be basically Germanic, though it maintained pretensions of rule over greater territory, including Italy. In the German lands the kings were Saxon, not Frankish.

Otto I (died 973) was the first of the Saxon kings powerful enough to assert control over Germany and Italy. He was crowned emperor by Pope John XII in 962. Although he held the title, he made no pretense of governing the East Frankish lands. From his reign the empire was to be a union of German states and northern Italy.

Otto I did not claim the title of Roman emperor, but his descendants did. Otto II did so to proclaim his rivalry with the emperor at Constantinople. Otto III (ruled 983-1002) made Rome his capital. He felt himself to be the political power by which Christian domination would spread throughout Europe. Popes were subject to him and his successors down to Henry III (1039-56). By that time effective rule over Germany and Italy together had become impracticable. Distance alone made it difficult.

Reassertion of Papal Power

For more than 200 years, from 1056 until 1273, the popes made a political comeback. Some very strong-minded individuals were elected pope among them, Gregory VII and Innocent III were the most notable. They wasted no time in refuting the pretensions of the emperors to control the church.

It was the Investiture Controversy that brought matters to a head. At issue was the question whether political figures, such as emperors and kings, had the right to appoint bishops and heads of monasteries and to invest them with the symbols of their office. At the heart of the issue was the place of the emperor in Christian society, especially his relationship with the papacy. It was Pope Gregory VII (pope 1073-85) who initiated the controversy in 1076 by stating that only the pope had the right to crown emperors, just as it was his right to appoint bishops and other church officials. The controversy was brought to a close in 1122 by an agreement between Pope Calixtus II and Emperor Henry V, but future popes revived the issue as they saw fit.

The era of the Hohenstaufen emperors (1138-1254, except for the years 1198-1214) was a time of almost unceasing conflict between popes and emperors (see Hohenstaufen Dynasty). The greatest of these, Frederick I Barbarossa, added the word holy to the name of his empire to balance the claims of the Holy Church. He emphasized continuity with the past, going back to the days of Charlemagne. His rights as emperor, he determined, were not based on the deed of Leo III but on the territorial conquest of the Franks. Lawyers for the emperors argued against the popes, saying that "he who is chosen by the election of the princes alone is the true emperor." (The emperors were generally chosen by this time through an election held by German princes.)

The conflicts with the popes drew the Hohenstaufen emperors into Italian politics. The temptation to control Italy, and thus Rome, was persistent. Henry VI married the heiress to Sicily, and the Norman Kingdom of Sicily was used to restore imperial power in Italy. The popes reacted vigorously to this threat. They found allies in their opposition to the emperors, and by 1245 it was possible to depose Frederick II. His death in 1250 effectively ended the Holy Roman Empire of the Middle Ages. Over the next two decades the imperial structure fell apart in Italy.

Hapsburg Rulers

If most of Italy was lost, the empire maintained itself north of the Alps in Germany for several centuries. It became little more than a coalition of German states, each with its own ruler. When Rudolf I of the House of Hapsburg became German king in 1273, he was the head of a federation of German princes. He abandoned all claims to the center and south of Italy and retained only nominal title to the north. (The north of Italy was not entirely free of Hapsburg domination until after World War I.) After him only four emperors were crowned by a pope or his delegate. The last was Charles V, a Hapsburg who was also king of Spain.

Charlemagne had 10 spouses : at least 5, possibly 6, mistresses; and he

had children by all but 2 of them. There were ultimately 8 boys and 10

girls. Ten or eleven died before their father. So far as we know only two

of his children had descendants beyond the second or third generation.

About 768, at the age of 26, Charlemagne took as his first spouse a high

born lady named Himeltrud. Einhard says that she was a concubine, but

other evidence just as strong, if not stronger, indicates that she was a

lawful wife. Certainly, the pope considered her as such. The child of this

union, born about 769, was Pepin. Although described as of handsome

face, he was unhappily deformed, a hunchback. Charlemagne loved the boy

nonetheless and and kept him in the family circle until 792 when Pepin

was about 23, but there were difficulties. Both the Byzantine east and

the Teutonic west of that day believed that a serious physical defect

was an impediment to the possession of royal perogatives. Whether

rightly or wrongly, some of the Franks (Einhard, for instance) looked

upon the child as illegitimate. And, moreover, the marriage and probably

conception had occurred before Charlemagne was a sovreign ruler.

Like Henry VIII, Charlemagne needed a male heir for the ----oility of his

throne. So, at his mother's insistence, he set Himiltrude aside in 770

and, to papal consternation, married a daughter of King Desiderius of

Lombardy. Her name has been lost in the mists of time, but for

convenience she is known as Desiderata (Desiree). Perhaps because she

was barren, perhaps because of Papal protestation, perhaps because of

incompatibility-no one knows the reason- he divorced her in 771. To the

delight of the Pope, but dismay of some of his most eminent courtiers,

Charlemagne sent her back unceremoniously to her father.

Almost immediately he married the thirteen year old Hildegard, daughter

of Count Gerold of Swabia, and his wife, name, the daughter of the Duke

of Alamannia. It was a happy and successful union of twelve years,

lasting until her death.

Among the seven children who outlived their father, there was only one

legitimate son, Louis, who (as noted earlier) promptly came to the

throne. The other three sons were Drogo, Hugo and Theodoric. Two

legitimate daughters, Bertha and Theodrada, and one illegitimate,

Rothild, also survived. Of the known descendants of Charlemagne, beyond

the second or third generation, all may be traced to the younger Pepin

(Carolman) and his son Bernard, and to Emperor Louis the Pious and his

children.

By the end of the Middle Ages, any hope of reviving anything like a real empire in Europe had become impossible. France and Spain were the most powerful kingdoms in Europe. Both were contending for control of the continent. The weak and disunited German states were in no position to establish any kind of control, even within their own boundaries. (Germany did not become united until 1870.) Charles IV therefore set out to make the empire a solely German institution. By an agreement with Pope Clement V, he abandoned Italy. He went to Rome for his coronation on April 5, 1355. He then refashioned the empire into the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.

From then the empire was essentially part of the history of Germany. A few emperors, notably Charles V, entertained a larger vision of power, but there was no way for him to unite his Spanish and Austrian possessions with Germany as long as France stood in the way. (See also Germany, "History.")

The 16th-century Reformation in the church further divided the weak empire. Germany was split into two religious camps, and the emperor was little more than the head of a religious faction. The electors, the real heads of the German states, were entrenched by virtue of championing either Roman Catholicism or Lutheranism.

The Thirty Years' War, originally a religious conflict, devastated Germany and further weakened what little reality the empire had left. No emperor afterward ever tried to establish a central authority. (See also Thirty Years' War.)

The end came with Napoleon. For several centuries France had been intending to annex at least the fringes of the empire. It had never happened. When Napoleon carried his wars eastward, however, he was resolved to terminate the reign of Emperor Francis II (later Francis I of Austria). The emperor saw what was coming, and he resigned his title on Aug. 6, 1806. The empire ceased to exist as a political reality. It persisted for some time as an ideal. It was used as an inspiration for the German Empire of 1870 and more so by Adolf Hitler's Third Reich (Empire) in the 1930s.

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Excerpted from Compton’s Interactive Encyclopedia

More About King Of Franks, Holy Roma Charlemagne Emperor Of The West:

Burial: February 05, 813/14, Aachen Cathedral, Aachen, Rhineland, Prussia4841

OCCU: King of France 768-8144842

Record Change: July 12, 20014843

TITL: H.R.Emp.4844

More About Charlemagne and Himiltrude:

Partners: WFT Est. 773-8054845

Children of Charlemagne and Hildegard are:

11854726188 i. King Of France & Aquitain Louis I Emperor Of The West, born August 15, 778 in Casseneuil, Lot-Et-Garonne, France; died June 20, 840 in Ingelheim, Rheinhessen, Hesse-Darmstadt; married (1) Hermingarde Princess Of Hesbaye 798 in , , France; married (2) [The Fair] Und Von Altdor Judith Empress Of The West February 818/19.

ii. Bertha, born 779; died 823; married Angilbert De Ponthieu 795; born 776; died February 18, 813/14.

More About Angilbert De Ponthieu:

Occupation: Lord Of Ponthieu

More About Angilbert De Ponthieu and Bertha:

Marriage: 795

iii. Karl, born 772; died December 04, 811; married Juliana.

Children of Charlemagne and Himiltrude are:

i. Alpais4845,4846, born Abt. 7384847; died WFT Est. 827-8474847; married Begue Of Paris WFT Est. 769-8044847; born Abt. 738 in of PARIS4847; died 8164848.

Notes for Begue Of Paris:

[Brøderbund WFT Vol. 14, Ed. 1, Tree #1829, Date of Import: Jan 8, 1999]

also Chamberlain of Louis of Aquitaine 776

More About Begue Of Paris:

OCCU: Count of Paris4848

Occupation: Count of Paris

Occupation con't: 776, Chamberlain of Louis of Aquitain

TITL: (COUNT)4849

More About Begue Paris and Alpais:

Marriage: WFT Est. 769-8044849

11854726168 ii. Pepin King Of Italy, born April 773 in Rome. Italy (Baptised April 12, 781 by Pope Adrian)(W50-14); died July 08, 810 in Milan, Italy (KING OF ITALY 781-810)(KING OF LOMBARDY 781); married Bertha WFT Est. 792-807.

23709452338. Count Of Toulouse William

Child of Count Of Toulouse William is:

11854726169 i. Bertha, born WFT Est. 757-782; died WFT Est. 800-869; married Pepin King Of Italy WFT Est. 792-807.

23709452362. Ingram Of Hesbaye, born Abt. 750 in Hesbaye, Saxony. He was the son of 23709458720. Gunderland Of Hesbaye.

More About Ingram Of Hesbaye:

Occupation: Count of Hasbania in Saxony

Child of Ingram Of Hesbaye is:

11854726181 i. Ermengarde Of Hesbaye, born Bet. 777 - 778 in Hesbaye, Saxony; died October 03, 818 in Tours; married Hugh II "Le Mefiant" De Tours.

11854726180. Hugh II "Le Mefiant" De Tours4849, born Abt. 765 in Upper Alsace, France4849; died October 836. He was the son of 23709451652. Lutteride II Count Of Alsace and 23709451653. Hiltrude. He married 23709452369. Aba WFT Est. 807-8394849.

23709452369. Aba4849, born Abt. 779 in Tours, Indre-et-Loire, France4849; died 8364849.

More About Hugh II "Le Mefiant" De Tours:

Occupation: Count oF Tours

TITL: (COUNT)4849

More About Hugh De Tours and Aba:

Marriage: WFT Est. 807-8394849

Children of Hugh De Tours and Aba are:

11854726199 i. Bertha Of Tours, born Abt. 790; died WFT Est. 822-884; married Gerard WFT Est. 821-856.

11854738893 ii. Adelaide (Adela) De Tours, born Abt. 810 in Tours, France; died Abt. 866; married Conrad I Of Argengau.

11854738835 iii. Ermengarde Of Orleans, born WFT Est. 784-807 in Alsace, Lorraine, France; died March 20, 850/51; married Lothair I October 15, 821 in Thionville, Moselle, France.

11854726184 iv. Hugh Of Bourges, Auxerra, And Nevers, died 853.

23709452336. King Of Franks, Holy Roma Charlemagne Emperor Of The West4850,4851,4852,4853,4854,4855, born April 02, 742 in Ingelheim, Rheinhessen, Hesse-Darmstadt4856; died January 28, 813/14 in Aachen, Rhineland, Prussia4857. He was the son of 47418904672. King Of The F Pepin "The Short" and 47418904673. Countess Of Laon Bertrada. He married 23709452377. Von Schwaben , Of Vinzgau Hildegard 771 in Aix-La-Chapelle (Aachen), Rhineland, Prussia4858.

23709452377. Von Schwaben , Of Vinzgau Hildegard4859,4860, born Abt. 757 in Aachen, Rhineland, Prussia4860; died April 30, 783 in Thionville, Moselle, France4860. She was the daughter of 11854729360. Gerold I Of Swabia and 11854729361. Emma De Allemania.